In 1986, Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka published “The New New Product Development Game” in the Harvard Business Review, describing how Honda, Canon, and Fuji-Xerox organized teams to build copiers and automobiles.1 Jeff Sutherland read that article, combined it with lean manufacturing principles and object oriented programming, and in 1993 adapted it for software development at Easel Corporation. Ken Schwaber formalized the method at the OOPSLA conference in 1995.2 By 2001, seventeen software developers gathered at a ski lodge in Snowbird, Utah, and signed the Agile Manifesto, declaring that they were “uncovering better ways of developing software.”3 Not knowledge or meaning. A manufacturing framework for software.